Ventilator PCB Assembly

Definition and Functionality

A ventilator is a medical device designed to assist individuals who are unable to breathe independently. It delivers oxygen to the lungs and removes carbon dioxide, crucial for patients with respiratory issues. The ventilator comprises a compressible air reservoir, an oxygen supply, a breathing tube, and multiple printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs) that manage airflow and monitor the ventilator’s functions.

Importance in Modern Medicine

Ventilators are vital in modern medicine, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating respiratory failure, reducing complications, and saving lives. They are widely used in various respiratory conditions, anesthesia management during surgery, and emergency resuscitation.

Classification of Ventilators

By Type of Use or Application

(1) Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (CMV)

Definition: Breathing is entirely controlled by the ventilator when spontaneous breathing is absent or weakened.
Applicability: Diseases causing loss or weakening of spontaneous breathing.

(2) Assisted Mechanical Ventilation (AMV)

Definition: Ventilator assists spontaneous breathing.
Applicability: Weak spontaneous breathing requiring support.

By Route of Use

(1) Intrathoracic or Airway Compression Type
(2) Chest Appearance Type

By Switching Mode of Inhalation and Exhalation

(1) Constant Pressure Type
(2) Volume-Fixed Type
(3) Timing Type
(4) Mixed Type (Multifunctional Type)

By Ventilation Frequency

(1) High-Frequency Ventilation: >60 times/min
(2) Constant Frequency Ventilation: <60 times/min

By Synchronization Device

(1) Synchronous Ventilator: Triggers with spontaneous breathing.
(2) Asynchronous Ventilator: Used for controlled mechanical ventilation.

By Applicable Object

(1) Baby Ventilator
(2) Children Ventilator
(3) Adult Ventilator

By Working Principle

(1) Simple Ventilator
(2) Membrane Lung Ventilator

Modes and Functions of Mechanical Ventilation

Primary Modes

(1) Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV)

Working Principle: Positive pressure during inhalation, zero pressure during exhalation.
Clinical Application: Patients with respiratory failure.

(2) Intermittent Positive and Negative Pressure Ventilation (IPNPV)

Working Principle: Positive pressure during inhalation, negative pressure during exhalation.
Clinical Application: Causes alveolar collapse.

(3) Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

Working Principle: Positive airway pressure throughout the respiratory cycle.
Advantages: Reduces inspiratory effort, prevents alveolar collapse.
Disadvantages: Disturbs circulation, causes barotrauma.

(4) Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation and Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV/SIMV)

IMV: No synchronization, time-based ventilation.
SIMV: Synchronized ventilation with spontaneous breathing.
Advantages: Reduces ventilator dependence, better for weaning.
Applicazione: Used during weaning.

(5) Mandatory Minute Ventilation (MMV)

Working Principle: Adjusts ventilation to meet preset minute ventilation.

(6) Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV)

Definition: Pressure support during spontaneous inhalation.
Working Principle: Starts with inhalation, ends with exhalation.
Applicazione: Used with SIMV for weaning.

(7) Volume Support Ventilation (VSV)

Working Principle: Patient-triggered, supports to achieve desired tidal volume.

(8) Biphasic or Bilevel Positive Pressure Ventilation

Working Principle: Different pressures for inhalation (P1) and exhalation (P2).
Clinical Application: Versatile, can simulate IPPV, CPAP, and SIMV.